Russian military tactics of the 18th century and its founders

Abstract

This study examines the evolution of Russian military tactics during the 18th century within the broader framework of political and technological transformations. It outlines the major reforms initiated by Peter I, which aimed to create a standing, regular army, enhance engineering capabilities, and modernize artillery. The analysis highlights the adoption of contemporary European formations and maneuver warfare, increased discipline, and the professionalization of the officer corps and training systems. Case studies include Russia’s performance in the Great Northern War and subsequent conflicts, demonstrating the practical outcomes of reforms: greater firepower, improved logistics, and better coordination among infantry, cavalry, and artillery. The study also assesses how tactical developments aligned with Russia’s expanding geopolitical ambitions, and how social and economic factors influenced military effectiveness. Limitations are addressed, such as recruitment challenges, harsh climate, poor infrastructure, and resistance from traditionalist elements within the high command. The conclusion argues that these 18th-century tactical reforms provided the structural and doctrinal foundation for continued military modernization, enabling Russia’s emergence as a major European power by the century’s end.